Employment

This section features tables on cultural employment compared to total employment per European country, the share of self-employed in cultural and total employment, and the share of women in selected fields of employment (cultural employment and high-tech industry/knowledge-intensive services). All tables are based on data from Eurostat.

Total cultural employment (2011-2017)

(In thousand)

Country / Year2011201220132014201520162017
Austria155.1164.3173.9163.8164.3171174.7
Belgium169.4182.6169.9183.8181.5179.4197.8
Bulgaria75.176.878.278.283.884.385.1
Croatia58.157.652.359.353.748.757.5
Cyprus11.511.511.911.112.112.613.4
Czechia176.9184.2191.4191.2187210.2204.3
Denmark123.1125.9125123.5126.1125.6122
Estonia30.535.534.728.933.734.235.9
Finland128.9124.8118.9118.5123.3116.8115.5
France884.8863.2894.9884.6848.5889.1939.4
Germany1573.11689.516601642.21643.51656.51663.7
Greece126.8128.5121.8112.9103.9118.2120.5
Hungary139.9143.1151.2149.9155.5157.1147.1
Ireland6765.771.674.774.679.676.5
Iceland99.11010.11111.911.2
Italy783.1812.7784.3781.3785.6765.8825.5
Latvia29.131.634.734.736.240.136
Lithuania45.647.549.153.153.348.949.8
Luxembourg11.812.612.414.712.913.212.4
FYROM24.926.1232221.122.923.9
Malta6.56.77.48889.9
Montenegro7.97.29.38.97.37.38.2
Netherlands366.1376.1386.1381.2382.6378.3390.2
Norway113.1119.3113.9105.5102.5102.5102.2
Poland493.1497.6492.6508.2530.5544.4569.2
Portugal133.7128.8127.6135.8142.2139.4145.6
Romania117.2131.9116.3130.5126.1133.7141.1
Spain563.3551.5552.5583.4607.3634.2671.6
Sweden219.6223225224.5229.6243.1242.5
Switzerland207.2212.8210.9210.1224.5221220
Slovenia40.642.844.942.841.642.345.4
Slovakia60.459.452.36260.962.172.6
Turkey522.2517.5566591.2591.7607.2644.7
United Kingdom1261.213381354.61381.11448.11467.31491.9

Source:
Eurostat database (cult_emp_sex) 2018.

Cultural employment as share of total employment (2011-2017)

(In %)

Country/Year2011201220132014201520162017
Austria3.84.04.24.04.04.14.1
Belgium3.84.03.84.04.03.94.3
Bulgaria2.52.62.72.62.82.82.7
Croatia3.63.73.43.83.43.13.5
Cyprus2.93.03.33.13.43.53.5
Czechia3.63.83.93.83.74.13.9
Denmark4.64.74.74.54.64.44.3
Estonia5.15.85.64.65.35.35.5
Finland5.25.04.84.85.14.84.7
France3.43.33.53.43.23.33.5
Germany4.14.34.24.14.14.04.0
Greece3.13.53.53.22.93.23.2
Hungary3.73.73.93.73.73.63.3
Ireland3.53.53.73.83.63.73.5
Iceland5.45.45.85.76.06.25.8
Italy3.53.63.53.53.53.43.6
Latvia3.43.63.93.94.04.54.0
Lithuania3.63.73.84.04.03.63.7
Luxembourg5.25.35.26.05.05.14.6
FYROM3.94.03.43.23.03.23.2
Malta3.93.94.24.44.34.24.7
Montenegro4.13.64.64.13.33.33.6
Netherlands4.44.54.74.64.64.54.5
Norway4.54.64.44.03.93.93.9
Poland3.23.23.23.23.33.43.5
Portugal2.82.82.93.03.13.03.1
Romania1.41.51.41.51.51.61.6
Spain3.13.13.23.43.43.53.6
Sweden4.74.84.84.74.75.04.8
Switzerland4.84.94.84.74.94.84.7
Slovenia4.34.65.04.74.54.64.7
Slovakia2.62.62.22.62.52.52.9
Turkey2.22.12.22.32.22.22.3
United Kingdom4.34.54.54.54.64.64.7

Source:
Eurostat database (cult_emp_sex) 2018.

Share of self-employed in cultural and total employment (2005, 2009, 2017)
CountryShare of cultural workers in total employmentShare of self-employed in cultural employmentShare of self-employed in total employment
Austria4.10%44.00%11.00%
Belgium4.30%29.00%14.00%
Bulgaria2.70%33.00%11.00%
Croatia3.50%15.00%11.00%
Cyprus3.50%31.00%12.00%
Czech Republic3.90%52.00%17.00%
Denmark4.30%29.00%8.00%
Estonia5.50%26.00%10.00%
Finland4.70%48.00%13.00%
France3.50%39.00%11.00%
Germany4.00%52.00%10.00%
Greece3.20%22.00%30.00%
Hungary3.30%32.00%10.00%
Iceland5.80%25.00% 12.00% 
Ireland3.50% 56.00% 15.00% 
Italy3.60%63.00%22.00%
Latvia4.00%51.00%12.00%
Lithuania3.70%N/A11.00%
Luxembourg4.60%19.00%9.00% 
Malta4.70%50.00%15.00%
The Netherlands4.50%64.00%16.00%
North Macedonia3.20%N/A17.00%
Norway3.90%38.00%6.00%
Poland3.50%33.00%18.00%
Portugal3.10%46.00%17.00%
Romania1.60%23.00%18.00%
Slovakia2.90%48.00%15.00%
Slovenia4.70%39.00%12.00%
Spain3.60%39.00%16.00%
Sweden4.80%34.00%10.00%
Switzerland4.70%33.00%13.00%
United Kingdom4.70%60.00%15.00%
CountryShare of cultural workers in total employmentShare of self-employed in cultural employmentShare of self-employed in total employment
Austria4.10%44.00%11.00%
Belgium4.30%29.00%14.00%
Bulgaria2.70%33.00%11.00%
Croatia3.50%15.00%11.00%
Cyprus3.50%31.00%12.00%
Czech Republic3.90%52.00%17.00%
Denmark4.30%29.00%8.00%
Estonia5.50%26.00%10.00%
Finland4.70%48.00%13.00%
France3.50%39.00%11.00%
Germany4.00%52.00%10.00%
Greece3.20%22.00%30.00%
Hungary3.30%32.00%10.00%
Iceland5.80%25.00% 12.00% 
Ireland3.50% 56.00% 15.00% 
Italy3.60%63.00%22.00%
Latvia4.00%51.00%12.00%
Lithuania3.70%N/A11.00%
Luxembourg4.60%19.00%9.00% 
Malta4.70%50.00%15.00%
The Netherlands4.50%64.00%16.00%
North Macedonia3.20%N/A17.00%
Norway3.90%38.00%6.00%
Poland3.50%33.00%18.00%
Portugal3.10%46.00%17.00%
Romania1.60%23.00%18.00%
Slovakia2.90%48.00%15.00%
Slovenia4.70%39.00%12.00%
Spain3.60%39.00%16.00%
Sweden4.80%34.00%10.00%
Switzerland4.70%33.00%13.00%
United Kingdom4.70%60.00%15.00%
CountryShare of cultural workers in total employmentShare of self-empoyed in cultural employmentShare of self-empoyed in total employment
Albania---
Armenia---
Austria2.40%29.80%9.20%
Azerbaijan---
Belgium2.10%26.60%13.90%
Bulgaria1.80%12.20%9.80%
Canada---
Croatia2.00%25.00%12.60%
Denmark3.00%16.50%7.80%
Estonia3.20%7.00%6.30%
Finland3.30%20.00%9.70%
France2.00%20.10%9.00%
Georgia---
Germany2.80%32.70%11.40%
Greece2.10%35.00%28.90%
Holy See---
Hungary2.10%23.20%13.10%
Ireland2.50%27.80%13.50%
Italy2.10%53.40%26.20%
Latvia2.70%12.90%6.70%
Liechtenstein---
Lithuania2.50%3.50%6.40%
FYR of Macedonia---
Malta2.30%10.70%13.00%
Moldova---
Monaco---
Netherlands3.80%35.10%10.90%
Norway2.20%23.50%5.90%
Poland1.70%19.10%12.20%
Portugal1.40%22.30%18.00%
Romania1.10%7.80%7.30%
Russia---
San Marino---
Serbia---
Slovakia1.80%24.20%12.90%
Slovenia2.30%7.40%8.00%
Spain2.10%21.70%16.60%
Sweden3.50%27.10%9.60%
Switzerland2.70%25.90%12.30%
Ukraine---
United Kingdom3.10%29.70%12.50%

Source:
Eurostat Pocketbook: Cultural Statistics, 2007.

Share of women in selected fields of employment (2005, 2009, 2017)
CountryCultural employmentHigh-tech industry & Knowledge-intensive services
Austria44.53%47.14%
Belgium45.20%46.21%
Bulgaria55.23%46.60%
Croatia45.04%45.78%
Cyprus47.76%47.96%
Czech Republic49.19%44.17%
Denmark50.08%47.20%
Estonia63.23%48.71%
Finland51.00%48.16%
France46.32%48.11%
Germany47.30%46.56%
Greece43.57%41.90%
Hungary50.78%45.33%
Iceland50.00%46.47%
Ireland46.41%46.03%
Italy43.85%42.09%
Latvia64.44%50.73%
Lithuania61.85%51.34%
Luxembourg53.23%46.32%
Malta38.38%39.96%
The Netherlands44.59%46.41%
North Macedonia50.21%39.21%
Norway49.32%47.36%
Poland53.07%44.81%
Portugal43.89%48.87%
Romania51.52%43.56%
Slovakia49.17%45.27%
Slovenia48.68%46.27%
Spain42.47%45.47%
Sweden50.97%47.65%
Switzerland48.73%46.45%
United Kingdom42.63%47.01%
Countrycultural employmentHigh tech servicesKnowledge intensive services
Austria45%30.1%57.5%
Belgium44%28.5%59.0%
Bulgaria52%42.9%58.6%
Croatia45%35.9%60.5%
Cyprus43%31.7%54.8%
Czech Republic47%28.3%59.5%
Denmark51%28.5%62.0%
Estonia58%43.4%68.9%
Finland58%37.2%66.4%
France43%31.6%60.6%
Germany46%31.2%59.0%
Greece39%30.0%49.7%
Hungary47%32.1%61.9%
Iceland39%30.3%61.6%
Ireland45%30.3%59.9%
Italy44%31.7%52.5%
Latvia68%29.2%64.9%
Lithuania64%40.7%69.4%
Luxembourg30%29.0%47.8%
Malta--45.7%
The Netherlands48%23.6%58.0%
Norway48%29.0%62.1%
Poland53%33.1%62.9%
Portugal51%32.6%59.6%
Romania48%36.7%56.5%
Slovakia54%28.2%62.5%
Slovenia51%29.8%60.3%
Spain42%34.6%53.7%
Sweden45%30.4%62.9%
United Kingdom45%28.3%59.5%

Sources:
Cultural employment data: Eurostat Pocketbook: Cultural Statistics, 2011.
High Tech and Knowledge Intensive Services data for 2009: EUROSTAT, database on Science and Technology.

Notes:
High Tech Services include post and telecommunications; computer and related activities; research and development (EUROSTAT NACE codes 64, 72, 73).
Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) include water transport; air transport; post and telecommunications; financial intermediation; real estate, renting and business activities; education; health and social work; recreational, cultural and sporting activities (EUROSTAT NACE codes 61, 62, 64 to 67, 70 to 74, 80, 85 and 92).

Countrycultural employmentHigh tech servicesKnowledge intensive services
Austria46%29.8%59.3%
Belgium40%28.6%58.9%
Bulgaria50%52.2%64.4%
Croatia54%33.1%61.2%
Cyprus44%39.2%59.1%
Czech Republic46%46.3%64.4%
Denmark45%35.2%62.6%
Estonia66%46.8%68.0%
Finland53%36.8%65.8%
France47%38.2%61.1%
Germany44%32.9%60.8%
Greece42%30.1%52.5%
Hungary54%40.3%64.8%
Iceland49%39.6%64.2%
Ireland50%30.5%61.3%
Italy40%32.2%55.7%
Latvia63%58.3%69.6%
Lithuania65%53.8%69.9%
Luxembourg38%28.8%52.7%
Malta32%-46.4%
The Netherlands43%24.7%58.5%
Norway45%33.8%62.9%
Poland57%40.9%65.4%
Portugal42%36.5%63.7%
Romania54%48.4%63.7%
Slovakia44%44.8%65.3%
Slovenia54%32.1%63.9%
Spain44%32.6%56.4%
Sweden47%32.4%63.0%
United Kingdom48%24.6%59.8%

Sources:
Cultural employment data: EUROSTAT, EU Labour force survey 2005.
High Tech and Knowledge Intensive Services data for 2005: EUROSTAT, database on Science and Technology.

Notes:
High Tech Services include post and telecommunications; computer and related activities; research and development (EUROSTAT NACE codes 64, 72, 73).
Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) include water transport; air transport; post and telecommunications; financial intermediation; real estate, renting and business activities; education; health and social work; recreational, cultural and sporting activities (EUROSTAT NACE codes 61, 62, 64 to 67, 70 to 74, 80, 85 and 92).